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Third gender or third sex is a concept in which individuals are categorized, either by themselves or by society, as neither man nor woman. It also describes a social category present in those societies that recognize three or more genders. The term third is usually understood to mean "other"; some anthropologists and sociologists have described fourth,[1] fifth,[2] and "some"[3] genders.

Biology determines whether a human's chromosomal and anatomical sex is male or female (or one of the rare variations on this sexual dimorphism that can create a degree of ambiguity known as intersex[4][5]). However, the state of personally identifying as, or being identified by society as, a man, a woman, or other, is usually also defined by the individual's gender identity and gender role in the particular culture in which they live. Not all cultures have strictly defined gender roles.[6][7][8]

The concepts of "third", "fourth", and "some" gender roles, which differ from that culture's two main roles of "man" and "woman", while found in a number of non-Western cultures, is still somewhat new to mainstream Western culture and can be difficult for some to understand within traditional Western conceptual thought.[9] The concept is most likely to be embraced in the modern LGBT or Queer subcultures, or in ethnic minority cultures that exist within larger Western communities such as the North American Indigenouscultures that have roles for Two Spirit people.[10][11]

While mainstream Western scholars, including those who have tried to write about Native American and South Asian third gender people, have often sought to understand the term "third gender" in terms of sexual orientation, other scholars, especially Indigenous scholars, consider this as a misrepresentation of third genders.

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